An Ancient Text on Politics from India - Arthashastra
The Arthashastra is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy which identifies its author by the names Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta, who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya (c. 350–283 BC),who was a scholar at Takshashila and later the prime minister of the Maurya Empire.
Because of its harsh political pragmatism, the Arthashastra has often been compared to Machiavelli's The Prince.
Is there any other book that talks so openly about when using violence is justified? When assassinating an enemy is useful? When killing domestic opponents is wise? How one uses secret agents? When one needs to sacrifice one's own secret agent? How the king can use women and children as spies and even assassins? When a nation should violate a treaty and invade its neighbor? Kautilya — and to my knowledge only Kautilya — addresses all those questions. In what cases must a king spy on his own people? How should a king test his ministers, even his own family members, to see if they are worthy of trust? When must a king kill a prince, his own son, who is heir to the throne? How does one protect a king from poison? What precautions must a king take against assassination by one's own wife? When is it appropriate to arrest a troublemaker on suspicion alone? When is torture justified? At some point, every reader wonders: Is there not one question that Kautilya found immoral, too terrible to ask in a book? No, not one. And this is what brings a frightful chill. But this is also why Kautilya was the first great, unrelenting political realist.—Boesche (2002, p. 1)
Thus, Max Weber observed
Truly radical 'Machiavellianism', in the popular sense of that word, is classically expressed in Indian literature in the Arthasastra of Kautilya (written long before the birth of Christ, ostensibly in the time of Chandragupta): compared to it, Machiavelli’s The Prince is harmless.—Max Weber, Politics as a Vocation (1919)[16]
However, the scope of the work is broader than usual accounts indicate, and in it can also be found compassion for the poor, for slaves, and for women. For instance he advocates what is now known as land reform, and elsewhere ensures the protection of the chastity of female slaves.
Books of Arthashastra
Arthashastra is divided into 15 books:
- 1 Concerning Discipline
- 2 The Duties of Government Superintendents
- 3 Concerning Law
- 4 The Removal of Thorns
- 5 The Conduct of Courtiers
- 6 The Source of Sovereign States
- 7 The End of the Six-Fold Policy
- 8 Concerning Vices and Calamities
- 9 The Work of an Invader
- 10 Relating to War
- 11 The Conduct of Corporations
- 12 Concerning a Powerful Enemy
- 13 Strategic Means to Capture a Fortress
- 14 Secret Means
- 15 The Plan of a Treatise
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